Compare and contrast business systems in Japan and China. Answer with Essay

Compare and contrast business systems in Japan and China. Answer with reference to relevant theories and use comparative country - Essay Example The similarity between the political systems in the countries is that both are state capitalist countries; a system which incorporates both free enterprise and government control to generate rapid or unmatched development and growth of their economies as well as the industrial sector. This system was used in Japan to instigate rapid economic growth and development but later resulted in huge economic dangers for the country. The system that brought Japan to proximity to the world’s largest economy also almost led its economy into turmoil. Hence, many may ask themselves, is China on the right path with the use of a business or market system that once proved a failure and a danger in its rival country Japan? Can the same fate that took Japan come China’s way? Japan instigated the capitalist form of governance in Asia during the 1950s and 1970s when it produced similar trends in economic growth and development as that produced by China in the current economic market (Yiping and Kunyu, 2011). ... Huge savings domestically were forcefully invested in these industries. The system enabled Japan to generate large cash surpluses due to export promotion instead of domestic consumption leading to Japan being accused of intentionally lowering the value of the yen so that its exports could be competitive in the global market. This period did not only see Japan’s capitalism produce enormous development and economic growth in the country but it also promoted the emergence of new industries that are globally competitive such as semiconductor and steel industries. This success led to some advocates from the US and other nations relishing the business system of Japan to an extent of some suggesting the system be implemented in nations such as the US so as to emulate Japan’s economic growth and development. Apparently, China has taken the same path as that which Japan took during its brighter economic days. Japan’s crisis began with the increase in oil prices that had a considerable effect on the Japan’s critical manufacturing industries. This had adverse financial impacts on Japan’s economic system. Japan was quick to notice this trend and instead, changed its development and growth strategies from manufacturing based industries to production based on knowledge i.e. the service industry. The service industry accounts for about 65% of employees in Japan whereas the same is only but 26% in China, indicating that China is more dependent on manufacturing industry than the service industry. The government of China controls the lending practices via a banking system that is state-owned and directs the funds to pillar industries, mostly steel and automobile manufacturing industries. Through provision

The social setting Essay Example for Free

The social setting Essay KES is set in the early 1960s in Sheffield, South Yorkshire and in the first few pages we get the impression that Billy and his family live on a deprived estate. There are many signs of this throughout the novel and one of the first things we read about is that Billy and his brother not only share a bedroom but also share the bed itself. He stayed in his own half of the bed, groaning and turning The bedroom window didnt even have any curtains at it. There was obviously no central heating as Billy was very cold when he got up and had to prepare and light a coal fire. Unlike most homes today there was not much food in the house what food there was, was kept in a pantry rather than a fridge; fridges were not commonplace objects in the homes of ordinary people in the 60s. the floor covering is another clue to depravation; it was not covered in carpet but lino. The family had not got much regard for their home. One example of this is the mother cleaning her shoes on the edge of the tablecloth. So as a conclusion to the historical setting we can tell that Billy lives in a time where life wasnt as easy and things we take for granted like central heating, electricity and hot water werent so widely available. Only the rich people had the luxuries like hot water and Billy certainly didnt live in an area, which had any such comforts, his family was poor and its easy see it when reading the novel. The social setting of the novel is mainly his school. He obviously goes to an all boys secondary modern, where discipline is maintained by the headmasters cane and the boys are called by their surnames. The class still have old-fashioned inkwells and blotters at their desks. It would seem that the system has failed Billy if he not competent at reading and writing by the time he is in his last year at school. Though the lack of support by his mother may have something to do with it, Id presume that Billy had been left to get on with school himself with no help from his mother or Jud. So living in a poor, deprived area and having a bad relationship with his mother and brother, Billy was not given the opportunity to succeed in life. The first incident I have chosen is the opening scenes in the novel. It shows Billys morning routine, getting up, getting dressed and going off to do his paper round. I have chosen to examine this scene because I think it starts to make the reader feel sympathetic towards Billy and understand his situation. This is shown throughout the novel, but the opening scenes give the reader a taste of whats to come. The short opening paragraph is deliberately harsh. Hines engages the reader immediately with his stark description of the bedroom, which begins There was no curtains up. This is a short but powerful sentence, as is Silence. which ends this paragraph and makes the reader wonder what is going to break it. The powerful verbs such as shivered, scuffled and crawled all help to intensify the mood of the opening. Hines narrative is extremely descriptive and heightens the readers awareness of Billys poor living conditions and the depressing area in which he lives. The positive descriptions e. g. The coal had caught fire, and the yellow flames were now emitting a slight warmth. are always followed with lengthy negative descriptions e. g. grabbed his windcheater. The zip was broken and the material draped out behind him The effect of this is to keep the reader sympathising with Billy. The conversations that take place between Billy and his brother, the shopkeeper and the milkman all include local dialect, which suggest the working class background. The first character to be met is Billys brother Jud when they are both in bed; Jud is one of the rounded characters in the novel. We can tell from reading the second paragraph that Billy and Jud have to share a bed, which shows us that the family are not very well off at all. We can also tell that Jud does not like Billy; he was no respect for him whatsoever and seems to take every opportunity to bully him: thumped Billy in the kidneys. The conversation between Jud and Billy in this scene is made up of short phrases in which neither character is particularly polite but Jud speaks very rudely to Billy even when Billy is only trying to prevent him being late for work. This evokes empathy within the reader for Billy. This poor relationship is shown many times throughout the novel making us feel more sympathetic towards Billy. We also meet the shopkeeper in the first few scenes when Billy goes to do his paper round. When Billy arrives at the shop they have a conversation about how Billy was nearly late and how theres a long queue of people for his job, people from Firs Hill. The reference to Firs Hill is telling us that the Estate that Billy lives on is very poor and rundown and that the people living at Firs Hill are regarded as more important. theyre all alike off that estate. Theyll take your breath if youre not careful. These are the words that customers had used to the shopkeeper to imply that all the people from Billys estate are thieves and certainly not to be trusted The next character we meet is the milkman, who, like the shopkeeper, is one of the flat characters in the novel. Third class ridings better than first class walking anyday. The milkman tells Billy when they meet each other on Billys paper round. After talking to the milkman for a while Billy nicks a bottle of milk off the back of the float. On the step stood two empty milk bottles. This is the reason why Billy nicked the bottle of milk; he had nothing left at home which shows us that neither his mother nor Jud thought to save some milk for Billy. In the same description on the first few pages we see that Billy is left no food either. There were a packet of dried peas and a half bottle of vinegar on the shelves. The bread bin was empty. There is a general feeling throughout the opening that Billy is very much a neglected child. When watching the film version of the novel there are some aspects of it which make us feel more sympathetic towards Billy and some things that are not shown in as much detail as the novel. The sound and lighting are very important mediums in the opening scene, when watching the film you get a better feel for the darkness of the room and the size of the bed that Billy and Jud have to share. It starts off in complete silence until the alarm clock goes off which seems to act a signal for the bickering between Billy and Jud to begin. The camera shows the view of the bed so we can see both characters as they have their conversation of pronounced limited dialogue. Then there is a sudden shock of light shown with a mid-shot as Jud gets up and presses the light switch. This dramatic change between dark and light and a point of view shot seems to leave Billy looking vulnerable tucked up beneath the tattered covers. As Billy gets up to get dressed into his dirty clothes we hear a soft sound of a recorder in the background, and the only light is that coming from the window. The film misses out the scene when Billy is looking for food in the kitchen and lighting the fire, and proceeds to the scene outside. In this scene we see Billy running down the street from a mid-shot and then a wide-shot as he runs across the field.

Stress Essay -- essays research papers fc

Stress (spring 1997) At one time or another, most people experience stress. The term stress has been used to describe a variety of negative feelings and reactions that accompany threatening or challenging situations. However, not all stress reactions are negative. A certain amount of stress is actually necessary for survival. For example, birth is one of the most stressful experiences of life. The high level of hormones released during birth, which are also involved in the stress response, are believed to prepare the newborn infant for adaptation to the challenges of life outside the womb. These biological responses to stress make the newborn more alert promoting the bonding process and, by extension, the child's physical survival. The stress reaction maximizes the expenditure of energy which helps prepare the body to meet a threatening or challenging situation and the individual tends to mobilize a great deal of effort in order to deal with the event. Both the sympathetic/adrenal and pituitary/adrenal s ystems become activated in response to stress. The sympathetic system is a fast-acting system that allows us to respond to the immediate demands of the situation by activating and increasing arousal. The pituitary/adrenal system is slower-acting and prolongs the aroused state. However, while a certain amount of stress is necessary for survival, prolonged stress can affect health adversely (Bernard & Krupat, 1994). Stress has generally been viewed as a set of neurological and physiological reactions that serves an adaptive function (Franken, 1994). Traditionally, stress research has been oriented toward studies involving the body's reaction to stress and the cognitive processes that influence the perception of stress. However, social perspectives of the stress response have noted that different people experiencing similar life conditions are not necessarily affected in the same manner (Pearlin, 1982). Research into the societal and cultural influences of stress may make it necessary to re-examine how stress is defined and studied. There are a number of definitions of stress as well as number of events that can lead to the experience of stress. People say they are stressed when they take an examination, when having to deal with a frustrating work situation, or when experiencing relationship difficulties. Stressful situations can be viewed as harmfu... ...; M. Lewis, eds. Perspectives in Interactional Psychology. New York: Plenum. Mandler, G. (1982). Stress and Though Processes. In L. Goldberger and S. Breznitz, eds. Handbook of Stress: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects. New York: The Free Press. Merton, R.K. (1957). Social structure and anomie. In R. K. Merton, ed. Social Theory and Social Structure, 2nd ed. New York: Free Press. Pearlin, L. I. (1982). The social contexts of stress. In L. Goldberger and S. Breznitz, eds. Handbook of Stress: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects. New York: The Free Press. Selye, H. (1956). The Stress of Life. New York: McGraw-Hill. Selye, H. (1976). Stress in health and disease. Reading, MA: Butterworth. Selye, H. (1982). History and present status of the stress concept. In L. Goldberger and S. Breznitz, eds. Handbook of Stress: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects. New York: The Free Press. Selye, H. (1985). History and present status of the stress concept. In A. Monat & R.S. Lazarus, eds. Stress and Coping, 2nd ed. New York: Columbia University. Zakowski, S., Hall, M.H. & Baum, A. (1992). Stress, stress management, and the immune system. Applied and Preventative Psychology, 1:1-13.

Lift the Trade Ban on Cuba Essay -- essays research papers

Unlock the Gate to Cuba In the long and turbulent history between Cuba and the United States, it can well be argued that Cuba did not turn out quite like its other Latin American peers. Things seemed to be on the right track in the early 1900’s, when it appeared that Cuba was destined for a future of â€Å"independence†, like its neighbour Puerto Rico and it was yet another South American nation rife with the now atypical blend of affluent American investors and poor workers usually native to the land herself. However, following a coup d’à ©tat that saw the fall of the American-backed Fulgencio Batista in favour of his social antithesis in communist Fidel Castro, the situation rapidly turned sour. The American government, finding themselves backed into a corner and unable to mold Cuba in its golden image, decided that it would be pertinent to sever all trade with Cuba. Since America’s policies towards Communism were clear, the trade embargo began to look like a more long-term intervention. To this day, the trade embargo is still in place, and it appears unlikely that this president, as well as many more from those who will succeed him, is ready to discuss any possible amendment. However, these economic sanctions have seen its efficacy come to an abrupt end. The ban on Cuban trade should be lifted in order to reduce poverty on the island, boost the economies of both the United States and Cuba, give America access to superior healthcare and allow America to acquire some cheap labour. In this essay, I will inform you of four things; (1) Cuba’s poverty caused by the sanctions, (2) how lifting the embargo would benefit Cuba, (3) how lifting the embargo would benefit America, (4) why continue the sanctions (5) how close are we to lifting the sanctions. Cuba’s Poverty   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is not difficult to identify Cuba as a â€Å"developing† nation: a quick glance around at the grimy, graffiti-filled streets, rampant propagandist billboards and the cars, clanking along with broken fenders in tow and a volatility and tint that suggest that their primes passed 50 years hence are enough of an indication. Indeed, those sepia-toned prosperous days under communist rule having come and gone, there has been little to no influx of money to replace and refurbish aging buildings, automobiles, schools, roads and above all, aging policies. When asked what they thought ab... ... by simply giving passing reference to that presumed inevitability? It is intolerable to think that we are so far away from a solution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Furthermore, they have labelled Cuba as part of a â€Å"secondary† axis of evil. Worse yet, John Bolton, the Undersecretary of State for Arms Control, has stated that â€Å"Cuba has long provided safe haven for terrorists†, and â€Å"that Cuba has been developing biological weapons of mass destruction.† Figures. Finally, It is clear that there is a serious issue regarding poverty in Cuba that directly results from the forty year old sanctions. It would benefit both countries to lift the sanctions in terms of trade, immigration and development. The sanctions have so far proven unsuccessful, and are just hindering the Cuban economy. Despite all of these points, it seems doubtful that the doors to Cuba shall be unlocked, and that the poverty and suffering could continue forever until we get another FDR-like president who has enough sense to change something. Word count: 2002   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Power & Duties of a Social Worker Essay

This paper discusses and explores both case studies in order to find the powers and duties a social worker acting in a statutory capacity might exercise in these cases, how might they be exercised and how might wider principles of welfare law impact on their decision making? It also analyses the tensions and dilemmas that may exist, referring to specific legislative provisions, and identify how anti-oppressive practice might influence the resolution of these case studies. It also demonstrates an ability to study relevant law in social work practice and have a critical and analytical understanding of the service delivery standards and powers and duties of social workers, demonstrate a working knowledge and understanding of key areas of welfare law that are significant to service users analyses the tensions and dilemmas that arise in the implication of the law in social work practice and be able to demonstrate a commitment to the anti-oppressive practice of social work law. This paper is focused on two separate case studies:First Case Study: Jack and Lauren have two Children named as Makayla aged 18 Months and Christopher aged 5 years. The local Authorities and Children’s Services have a referral from a relative who is concerned that the Children had witnessed Jack and Lauren fighting. What is more Jack brings people back to the house who drink heavily and Lauren has left the children alone at least twice to get drugs. When seen the children appear adequately dressed, clean, healthy and outgoing, and Christopher is attending school most days. The house is sparsely furnished but tidy and there appear to be a small number of toys. Makayla may have a development delay. She also may have difficulties with hearing and vision, which have meant numerous medical appointments, some of which have been missed. Second Case Study: Gracias speaks with pride of her house in which she and her husband raised seven children and points to the antiques she has collected. She knows the history of all the antiques she has had longest, but she looks troubled when asked about other items. Her eldest son has looked after her since he retired. She has eleven grandchildren, but she cannot remember their names. He moved in with her after she left the gas on twice and let a stranger into the house. He fells she could benefit from  re-housing since a stroke affecting her left arm and leg means she struggles with the stairs and with bathing, and recently she has begun to become incontinent at night. On the other hand, she still tends to her antiques with great care. He is also concerned that she is still managing her large account of savings and shares, which he will need to have access to if he keeps her at home. These two case studies are mainly different from each other if we study them with practical approach but certain things can be discussed simultaneously for the both cases i.e. family, approach towards the care of children, approach towards the looking after the parents, affects on children when they are ignored. Defining the FamilyA family becomes a family when two or more individuals have decided they are a family, that in the intimate, here-and-now environment in which they gather, there is a sharing of emotional needs for closeness, of living space which is deemed â€Å"home,† and of those roles and tasks necessary for meeting the biological, social and psychological requirements of the individuals involved. For our purposes in this text we mean by family â€Å"two or more people in a committed relationship from which they derive a sense of identity as a family,† thus including â€Å"nontraditional family forms that are outside the traditional legal perspective †¦ families not related by blood, marriage, or adoption† (Cohen, S., and T. A. Wills. 1985: 85)The state of marriageThe family, marriage, and the individual are inextricably interwoven. This simple fact constitutes a major conceptual and practical problem when considering the prospect of intervention in a marital problem, for it militates against clarity of thought and purpose. Certainly, conceptual distinctions can be made, and these are of central importance in the attempts of social scientists to shed light on the dynamics of family life; but such distinctions tend to rely upon the identification of boundaries that are perhaps seldom recognized, let alone drawn, by the individual experiencing the realities of marital and family life. As the father of modern family studies, Whittaker, J. K. and J. Garbarino. (1983) observed,  Ã¢â‚¬ËœWe know too much about the family to be able to study it both objectively and easily’Some family needs could be considered as being met through a combination of expressive and instrumental functions, such as child care, and health-related supports. This applies on both Case Studies. In line with the above, and in recognition of the diversity of contemporary society, we should emphasize that â€Å"respect for diversity requires that family be defined openly and broadly so as to include whomever the family itself- with its unique culture, circumstances, and history-designates† (Allen and Petr 1998:8). Practitioners should be prepared to understand and account for the special needs of minorities. As reflected throughout this volume, this means that we need to consider carefully in our practice the dimensions of race and ethnicity, including not only their significance for human functioning but also their impact on service delivery. In this regard, Pecora, P. J., W. R. Seelig, F. A. Zirps, and S. M. Davis, eds. (1996) assert: â€Å"Training practitioners for competence with diverse populations is high on the list of corrective initiatives to address †¦ inadequacies† in social work practice. A critical component of such training is learning how to promote the well-being of children and families. Promoting Child and Family Well-Being in Perspective of 1st Case StudyTo aid in our understanding of what families and children need to thrive in our society, we have developed a framework of needs and resources for family and child well-being. The framework is organized as a triangle depicting the three interrelated aspects of child and family wellbeing:†¢ What children need for their optimal Development,†¢ What families need to survive and fulfill their functions successfully, and†¢ The neighborhood, community, and environmental resources that families and their children require. At the center of the model is the overall goal for family-centered social work practice: safeguarding and promoting the well-being and Welfare Law of children and their families. We will refer to this framework throughout the paper, so as to highlight key points about promoting child and family  wellbeing and safety as well as delineate guidelines and principles for assessment and intervention. The model draws from the contributions of a number of sources in an attempt to show the range of interrelated family and child needs that, when met, promote optimal functioning and development. Resilience, Coping, and AdaptationIn their work with children and families, practitioners can be guided by knowledge regarding resilience, coping, and adaptation-key constructs in understanding human beings and human behavior. Before elaborating on each of these constructs, it is useful to consider the competence centered perspective on social work practice, which can serve as a frame of reference for practitioners. Competence-Centered Perspective & Principles of Welfare LawThe competence-centered perspective builds upon ecology as a metaphor guiding the study of the interactions between living organisms and their environments (Bronfenbrenner 1979). In particular, such a metaphor calls attention to the â€Å"influence of external environments on the functioning of families as contexts of human development† (Bronfenbrenner 1986:723). As an orientation to practice, ecology helps us to appreciate that human beings are engaged in continuous transaction with their environment; furthermore, the ecological view provides insight into the nature and consequence of such transactions both for human beings and for the physical and social environments in which they function (Germain and Gitterman 1996:5-19). Evaluation in perspective of Case Study 2By offering a broad conceptual lens to view human functioning and needs, ecology underscores that social work intervention should address the interface between human beings and their impinging environments: practitioners focus on improving the transactions between people and environments in order to enhance adaptive capacities as well as enrich environments for all who function within them (Germain and Gitterman 1996). In using such an orientation, practitioners can help mobilize the actual and potential strengths and resources of individuals, families, and groups while simultaneously seeking to render environments more responsive to the adaptive and coping needs of human organisms (Kagan, S. L. 1995). In addition, workers are helped to understand the relationships  between families and their environments and identify the significant sources of support as well as stress and conflict. They can then assess more objectively the complex personal and environmental factors affecting parents and children and arrive at more appropriate treatment plans and recommendations. The competence perspective draws from ego psychology; psychodynamic psychology; and learning, developmental, and family systems theories. In social work as in other fields, competence is generally defined as the repertoire of skills that enable the person to function effectively. However, a distinction should be made between the notion of discrete competencies or skills and the broader, ecological or transactional concept of competence. The latter may be defined as the outcome of the interplay among:†¢ A person’s capacities, skills, potentialities, limitations, and othercharacteristics. †¢ A person’s motivation-that is, her or his interests, hopes, beliefs, andaspirations, and†¢ the qualities of the person’s impinging environment-such as socialnetworks, environmental demands, and opportunities (Maluccio 1981). Stress, Risk, and Protective Factors in perspective of Both Case StudiesIn the course of their development, families and children encounter a variety of stresses and risks that need to be considered in any interventive plans or services. Stress and risk are closely related concepts. As Roskies (1991:412) indicates, â€Å"In spite of its widespread use, there is no single, precise definition of the term stress.† Saleebey, D. (2002) who is regarded as the father of modern stress theory, focuses on physiological reactions of the human organism in its struggle to resist noxious stimuli or stressors. Along with other theorists, Locke and Taylor (1991:157) define stress as â€Å"the emotional response, typically consisting of fear and/and anxiety and associated physical symptoms resulting from† perceived threats to one’s well-being or selfesteem. We think of stress as internal tension or strain produced in the human being in response to any one or more factors. Risk has been defined as â€Å"any influence that increases the probability of onset, digression to a more serious state, or the maintenance of a problem condition† (Fraser 1997a:3). â€Å"Risk or vulnerability represents a heightened probability of negative outcome based on the presence of one or more† factors such as â€Å"genetic, biological, behavioral, socio-cultural, and demographic conditions, characteristics, or attributes† (Fraser 1997:10). Examples of environmental risks are family dysfunction, child abuse, parental illness, and, above all, poverty. Protective factors are â€Å"those internal and external forces that help children resist or ameliorate risk† (Fraser 1997a:13). Rutter (1985:600) further defines protective factors as â€Å"influences that modify, ameliorate, or alter a person’s response to some environmental hazard that predisposes to a maladaptive outcome.† Problem-solving skills, a sense of self-efficacy, and an internal locus of control are examples of internal forces found in resilient children and youths. Examples of external forces are the strong family presence of a caring, supportive adult in the family and a safe and supportive school set- ting. As Benard (1997) explains, schools can provide a protective environment for many youths and children through the caring and support and high expectations of teachers and other school personnel as well as the opportunities available for meaningful participation in the life of the classroom, school, or community.Under certain conditions the interplay between risk factors and protective mechanisms leads to successful coping and adaptation: â€Å"An individual is able to cope so long as the balance among risks, stressful life events, and protective factors is manageable. But when risk factors and stressful life events outweigh the protective factors, even the most resilient children can develop problems (Werner 1989:80). â€Å"Through her longitudinal, life span study of 618 children, Werner (1994 and 1995) has demonstrated the role of protective factors within the family and community, such as socioeconomic supports, in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. As considered in subsequent chapters, social workers can play important roles in promoting resilience in children and youths. In particular, in conjunction with the concepts delineated in the preceding section, the constructs of risk, stress, and protective factors suggest several interrelated themes that can help guide social work practice with  families and children: †¢ Human beings are engaged in ongoing, dynamic transactions with theirenvironment and in a continuous process of growth and adaptation. †¢ Human beings are â€Å"open systems† that are spontaneously active andmotivated to achieve competence in their coping with life demands and environmental challenges. †¢ Varied environmental opportunities and social supports are necessary tosustain and promote a human being’s efforts to grow, to achieve self-fulfillment, and to contribute to others. †¢ Appropriate supports should be matched to the human being’s changingqualities and needs in order to maximize the development of her or hiscompetence, identity, autonomy, and self-fulfillment. Intergenerational Aspects and Principles of Welfare Law In perspective to Case Study 2Throughout human history and across societies, parents have relied on the extended family, especially grandparents, for help in care of their children. Such reliance is becoming increasingly problematic, due to such factors as the geographic mobility of families and, above all, growing societal problems in such areas as housing, poverty, substance abuse, and family violence. In addition, there is an increasing proportion of mothers at an early age, including early adolescence; the families of these young mothers are often struggling with their own issues, problems, and challenges. It has been estimated that, as of the early 1990s, between 2.3 and 4.3 million children lived in the homes of relatives without their parents (Everett 1995). The U.S. Bureau of the Census (1995) reports that approximately 3.9 million children were being raised in grandparent-headed households in 1995. While kinship caring is more common among families of color, it is seen also among white families. As extensively considered by Hegar and Scannapieco (1999), kinship care is a complex phenomenon-whether provided through informal arrangements or through state supervision. According to these authors, among the issues to be considered are the  following: How should formal kinship care differ from informal care arranged by the families? Should kinship care be classified as either out-of-home care or family preservation? Should foster families licensure or certification be required of kinship families? How long should the state subsidize placement with kin?In view of the above, practitioners need to give increased attention to the intergenerational aspects of family and child Welfare Law services. In particular, agency policies and programs should recognize the crucial role of grandparents in caring partially or fully for their grandchildren, including teenage granddaughters who are pregnant or have children of their own. Since they face multiple tasks during a crucial phase of their own development, parenting grandparents need a social service system that responds to their needs. As recommended by the Child Welfare League of America (Child Welfare League of America 1994; National Commission on Family Foster Care 1991), following are some of the strategies that are especially crucial in promoting intergenerational interventions:†¢ offering services to the parents as well as the grandparents to meet their own needs as caregivers as well as the child’s needs,†¢ providing adequate financial supports, especially in view of the precarious financial conditions of many grandparents,†¢ monitoring the child’s placement in kinship care, so as to ensure the child’s well-being as well as address the needs of the kinship family, and†¢ encouraging practitioners to appreciate and respect each the child’s and family’s cultural, racial, and ethnic identity. In addition, there needs to be attention to the ongoing psychosocial issues that many parenting grandparents experience as they are faced with their own basic physical, emotional, and financial adjustments (Poe 1992), the interaction between parents and grandparents, with its potential for frustration and conflicts, the issue of permanency planning for children placed with relatives, and the parents’ own need for help in connection with their own problems as well as their functioning as parents. Various authors consider these issues in detail. For example, Poe (1992) offers implications for policy and treatment in the situations of black grandparents. Doucette-Dudman and LaCure (1996) present guidelines for helping grandparents and social service professionals cope with the challenges  inherent in grandparent parenting. Generations United (1998) offers recommendations and strategies for dealing with economic supports, health care, education, child care, and legal issues in the situations of grandparents and other relatives raising children. Maluccio (1999) describes intergenerational approaches to helping families at risk, such as foster grandparent programs, mentoring of young mothers by elderly persons, and having older adults work with families experiencing child abuse or neglect. Child-Focused and Family-Centered Practice In perspective of Welfare LawSocial Work Practice requires that we maintain a principal focus on the child within a family-centered context. As discussed more extensively elsewhere, such a focus suggests that, in most cases, the child can best be helped by regarding the family as the central unit of service or focus of attention, whenever and as much as possible. Human beings can best be understood and helped within their significant environment, and the family is the most intimate environment of all. It is here that the child develops and forms her or his identity and basic competence. The family has the potential to provide resources throughout the life cycle, especially as its members are sustained and supported by various services (Germain 1999). The family’s own environment can be employed as the arena in which practitioners intervene to help strengthen communication, parenting skills, and parent-child relationships.As reflected throughout this volume, we consider the following guidelines as especially important in implementing child-focused and family-centered practice:†¢ There is emphasis on prevention and intervention strategies that reduce stress and risk and promote coping and resilience in children and families. †¢ Practitioners must understand the relationship between race/racenicity and issues such as family norms, child-rearing practices, childhood and family poverty, discrimination, and funding of social services. †¢ Assessment and intervention focus on the family’s transactions with its kinship system, school, community institutions, and other social networks that affect its functioning. Intervention strategies are directed not only toward engaging the family in treatment but also toward changing the social  systems that influence it. There is emphasis on case management strategies and community-based approaches that help empower vulnerable clients (Rothman 1994). †¢ Many parents can be helped to become rehabilitated or to plan responsibly for their children through family treatment approaches as alternatives to placement of children out of their homes or as methods of speeding up the reunification of placed children with their families. For example, birth parents of children at risk can be empowered through the use of group training. †¢ When children are separated as a result of hospitalization, imprisonment, foster home placement, or residential placement, family ties between them and their families should be preserved as much as possible, through such means as consistent parental visiting. The natural bonds between children in care and their parents may continue to be important for most parents and children long after they are physically separated for either short-term or long-term periods. †¢ Foster family, group care, or residential placement of a child should be seen as a part of the overall service rather than as the service-as a tool, rather than as an end in itself. In line with this, there should be efforts to have parents, foster parents, or other child care personnel regard themselves as partners in a shared undertaking, with common goals and mutually supportive and complementary roles. †¢ A major source of help often can be the family’s extended kinship system. (Danzy and Jackson 1997) as in situations involving parental substance abuse. As another example, in many cases the extended family, with agency support, can help a parent avert placement or reduce the duration of placement in an unfamiliar setting. †¢ Mutual aid groups, such as those for vulnerable adolescents, gay and lesbian youths, sexual abuse survivors, or bereaved children, can be therapeutic as well as empowering (Gitterman and Shulman 1994). References Allen, R. I. and C. G. Petr. 1998. Rethinking family-centered practice. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 68:4-15. American Humane Association. 1998. Assessing Outcomes in Child Welfare Services: Principles, Concepts, and a Framework of Core Indicators. Englewood, Col.: AHA, Children’s Division. Benard, B. 1994. Applications of resilience. Paper presented at a conference on the Role of Resilience in Drug Abuse, Alcohol Abuse, and Mental Illness, December 5-6. Washington, D.C. Cited in D. Saleebey 1997. Benard, B. 1997. Fostering resiliency in children and youth: Promoting protective factors in the school. In D. Saleebey, ed., The Strengths Perspective in Social Work, pp. 167-182. 2d ed. New York: Longman. Bronfenbrenner, U. 1979. The Ecology of Human Development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Bronfenbrenner, U. 1986. Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives. Developmental Psychology 22 (6): 723-742. Cohen, S., and T. A. Wills. 1985. Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin 98 (2): 310-357. Maluccio. 1999. The rationalization of foster care in the twenty-first century. In P.A. Curtis, G. Dale Jr., and J. C. Kendall, eds., The Foster Care Crisis: Translating Research Into Policy and Practice, pp. 225-242. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Danzy, J., and Jackson, S.M. 1997. Family preservation and support services: A missed opportunity for kinship care. Child Welfare 76:31-44. Doucette-Dudman, D. and J. R. LaCure. 1996. Raising Our Children’s Children. Minneapolis: Fairview. Everett, J. 1995. Relative foster care: An emerging trend in foster care placements policy and practice. Smith College Studies in Social Work 65:239-254. Everett, J. E. 1997. Theoretical, policy, research and clinical perspectives for social work practice with African Americans. Special issue. Smith College Studies in Social Work 67 (3): 255-643. Everett, J. E., S. S. Chipungu, and B. R. Leashore, eds. 1991. Child Welfare: An Africentric Perspective. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. Fraser, C. 1995. Suffering children and the Christian Science Church. Atlantic Monthly, April, pp. 105-120. Fraser, M. W. 1990. Program outcome measures. In Y.-Y. T. Yuan and M. Rivest, eds., Preserving Families: Evaluation Resources for Practitioners and Policymakers, pp. 77-101. Newbury Park, Cal.: Sage. Fraser, M. W., ed. 1997a. Risk and Resilience in Childhood: An Ecological Perspective. Washington, D.C.: NASW. Fraser, M. W. 1997b. The ecology of childhood: A multi-systems perspective. In M. W. Fraser, ed., Risk and Resilience in Childhood: An Ecological Perspective, pp. 1-9. Washington, D.C.: NASW. Generations United.1998. Grandparents and Other Relatives Raising Children: An Intergenerational Action Agenda. Washington, D.C.: Generations United. Germain, C. B. and M. Bloom. 1999. Human Behavior in the Social Environment: An Ecological View. 2d ed. New York: Columbia University Press. Germain, C. B. and A. Gitterman. 1996. The Life Model of Social Work Practice: Advances in Theory and Practice. 2d ed. New York: Columbia University Press. Hegar, R. L. and M. Scannapieco, eds. 1999. Kinship Foster Care: Policy, Practice, and Research. New York: Oxford University Press. Kagan, S. L. 1995. The changing face of parenting education. ERIC Digest (EDOPS-95-7). Urbana: University of Illinois, Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education. Kagan, S. L. and B. Weissbourd, eds. 1994. Putting Families First: America’s FamilyLee, J. A. B. 2000. The Empowerment Approach to Social Work Practice. 2d ed. New York: Columbia University Press. Locke, E. A. and S. M. Taylor. 1991. Stress, coping, and the meaning of work. In A. Monat and R.S. Lazarus, eds., Stress and Coping:An Anthology, pp. 140- 157.3d ed. New York: Columbia University Press. Pecora, P. J., W. R. Seelig, F. A. Zirps, and S. M. Davis, eds. 1996. Quality Improvement and Evaluation in Child and Family Services: Managing Into the Next Century. Washington, D.C.: CWLA. Poe, C. G. 1992. Social Work with Children and Their Families: Pragmatic Foundations. New York: Oxford University Press. Roskies, E. 1991. Stress management: A new approach to treatment. In A. Monat and R. S. Lazarus, eds., Stress and Coping:An Anthology, pp. 411-431. 3d ed. New York: Columbia University Press. Rothman, J. 1994. Practice with Highly Vulnerable Clients: Case Management and Community-Based Service. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Rothman, J. C. 1998. From the Front Lines: Student Cases in Social Work Ethics. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Rutter, M. 1985. Resilience in the face of adversity: Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry 147:598-611. Saleebey, D., ed. 2002. The Strengths Perspective in Social Work Practice. 3d ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Werner, E. E. 1989. High-risk children in young adulthood: A longitudinal study from birth to thirty-two years. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 59:72-81. Werner, E. E. 1994. Overcoming the odds. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 15:131-136. Werner, E. E. 1995. Resilience in development. American Psychological Society 4:81-85. Whittaker, J. K. and J. Garbarino. 1983. Social Support Networks: Informal Helping in the Human Services. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

20 Cause and Effect Essay Topics on Biomedical Physiology

20 Cause and Effect Essay Topics on Biomedical Physiology The study of the functions of the human body, its reactions to both chemical and physical elements and how this understanding can be put to use in solving health problems in humans is what biomedical physiology is all about. And from time to time, students studying science related courses may be asked write essays on biomedical physiology which can be somewhat difficult due to the amount of research that must be put in to ensure accuracy. This article is written to serve as a guiding light to those who are entirely in the dark on how to go about writing an essay on biomedical physiology. Here, a diverse list of cause and effect essay topics on biomedical physiology will be provided in order to help students create a writing structure from scratch. Also, a sample essay using one of the listed topics will be included and can be viewed as a road map on writing cause and effects essay. 20 Cause and Effect Essay Topics on Biomedical Physiology: Investigating Biomedical Innovations and the Role Physiology Plays in its Growth The Role of Biomedical Physiology in the Advancement of Bionics Understanding the Effects of External Pressure to Human Organs The Study of Human Physiology and its Importance in Developing Biomedical Devices Exploring the Role of Biomedical Physiology in Biomedical Engineering Juxtaposing the Fields of Biomedical Physiology and Biomedical Engineering in Advance Medicine How Understanding the Mechanical Functions of the Human Body Aids Biomedical Innovation The Human Body, Biomedical Physiology and Improving Medical Health Care How an Understanding of the Human Body and its Control System aids Biomedical Science Biomedical Engineering and the Role of Human Cells in Developing Health Solutions What Heat Acclimatization in Humans can Teach Biomedical Scientists about Fluid Transfer Physiological Knowledge of the Human Skin and its Role in Surgery Procedures The Muscular System of the Human Body and the Development of Prosthetic Aid The Role of Biomedical Physiology in Developing Corrective Surgery Equipment Exploring the Gains of Biomedical Physiology in the Field of Biotechnology Making a Case for Biomedical Physiology and the Opportunity it Creates for Women Discussing the Great Strides Biomedical Physiology has Engineered in Medical Procedures The Future of Human Health and the Role of Biomedical Physiology The Future of Biotechnology and How Biomedical Physiology Drives it The Biomedical Engineering Revolution and why Physiology has a Part to Play Now that we have our 20 cause and effect topics on biomedical physiology, the next step as earlier discussed is providing you with a sample essay. This essay will be provided in the following paragraphs and we also implore you to take advantage of these topics by developing one yourself or using them as a form of inspiration in choosing a topic for your custom essay. Our task is to simplify yours and we intend to do this with every article in the biomedical physiology essay series. Sample Essay: Investigating Biomedical Innovations and the Role Biomedical Physiology Plays in its Growth Knowledge precedes invention. Therefore, before anything can be invented, a thorough knowledge of the laws and mechanisms governing the inventor’s niche must be thoroughly understood before innovation can take place. In this essay, I will attempt to show how medical health issues became the cause for scientist seeking knowledge on the human physiology and how this acquired knowledge has been used effectively to create biomedical devices in modern medicine. In the 18th century, science struggled with solving medical issues relating to aging, affecting surgical procedures due to a lack of adequate equipment. These difficulties in treating patients led to rapid experiments which were done for the sole purpose of understanding the human body system and the mechanics behind its function. As these studies became more specialized, the field of biomedical physiology was born. During the 19th century, enough knowledge had been gathered concerning the human anatomy to help scientist work on developing procedures, equipment and health aides dedicated in reducing the suffering of patients. Examples of such strides made in science due to the study of biomedical physiology include the creation of the first bionic arm in Edinburgh circa 1993. By the 21st century science had gone further in simplifying corrective surgery and other health defects with the use of insightful medical procedures and techniques which were spearheaded by advances in biomedical physiology. An apt example is the use laser surgery to correct simple eye defects by employing a completely non-invasive approach in treating a patient. Another example is the use of spinal gels in treating joint and spinal issues in aging humans. These great strides were in effect made possible due to scientist gaining a more complete understanding of how the body functions and the external pressures that affect the body’s system. Therefore, it is safe to say that difficulties in treating patients was the cause which led to scientist seeking more knowledge to combat diseases and the effect of the acquired knowledge can be seen today in the form of prosthetic limbs, laser surgery, pace setters and surgery equipment that ensure we receive better health care. The field of biomedical physiology is not done as more and more experiments and medical breakthroughs are still expected to occur in the near future. This is due to the number of scientist specializing in the field of biomedical science as well as engineers taking part in the new revolution. Consequently, advancement in stem cell research is moving at a pace which may see science regenerate dead cells or create new ones to take the place of dead cells. If successfully harnessed, stem cells can be used to solve previously untreatable medical conditions such as paralysis, loss of tissues, cancer and other malignant diseases. In conclusion, man has risen to the challenge of battling diseases by seeking enough knowledge to counter them and this process is currently working effectively for the human population. For further reading, do not hesitate to check our 10 facts for a cause and effect essay on biomedical physiology as well as a writing guide on the making of a cause and effect essay on biomedical physiology. References: Scribner, M. (2010). Imaging Innovations Lead to Advances in Radiation Therapy. Biomedical Instrumentation Technology, 44(4), 325-327. Malberg, H. and Wolf, W. (2006). Biosignal Processing: the Pacemaker for Innovations in Biomedical Engineering – State, Developments, Trends. Biomedizinische Technik/Biomedical Engineering, 51(2), pp.39-40. Ursino, M. (2003). Cerebrovascular Modelling: A Union of Physiology, Clinical Medicine and Biomedical Engineering. Medical Engineering Physics, 25(8). Sieck, G. (2015). Transforming Medicine Through Physiology. Physiology, 30(3), pp.173-174. Malberg, H. and Wolf, W. (2006). Biosignal Processing: The Pacemaker for Innovations in Biomedical Engineering – State, Developments, Trends. Biomedizinische Technik/Biomedical Engineering, 51(2). Storz, J. (2016). Gene Duplication and Evolutionary Innovations in Hemoglobin-Oxygen Transport. Physiology, 31(3). Newell, J. (2012). The Development of Biomedical Engineering as Experienced by one Biomedical Engineer. BioMedical Engineering OnLine, 11(1).

Life of a Bottle-Nosed Dolphin essays

Life of a Bottle-Nosed Dolphin essays The Bottle-nosed Dolphin is the most studied and generally the best-known species of dolphin. Bottle-nosed dolphins are classified "Tursiops truncates" in scientific name, and belong to the family Delphinidae. The dolphin is a very intelligent individual. Bottle-nosed dolphins are commonly found in zoos or marine parks because of their capability to perform tricks. They can jump through hoops 5 meters high because of their incredibly powerful tail. As well as jumping, Bottle-nosed dolphins can raise themselves upright out of the water and travel backwards, by threshing their tails. Bottle-nosed dolphins are generally coastal creatures, occurring along almost all tropical and temperate coasts, although they are also found offshore. In addition, the Bottle-nosed dolphin is called the "all-ocean" dolphin, meaning that it lives in every ocean. It is common for a school of 20 dolphins to live together in coastal regions, but school of 200 dolphins are found in the offshore places. These schools don't seem to have a leader and generally stay together for life. Dolphins eat food such as shrimp, squid, small sharks, other vertebrates and fish. When they find a large school of fish, several schools of dolphins join up to form groups of up to 1000 dolphins. They work together to head and catch the fish. Another feeding method the Bottle-nosed dolphin has developed is chasing the fish on to mud banks and snaps them in the air. Bottle-nosed dolphins are an extremely adaptable mammal. For example, the Atlantic Ocean kind tends to be a little smaller and stockier with a shorter nose compared to the Pacific kind. In Scottish waters, Bottle-nosed dolphins are chubby with a dark gray complexion, while the in Australian waters, Bottle-nosed dolphins are thin, light gray appearance, with a dominant circle around each eye. The reason why this dolphin may change its physical appearance is because there may be more fish in Scotland, or the pre...

How to Prepare for Private School Admissions Tests

How to Prepare for Private School Admissions Tests Unlike most public schools, not everyone who wants to attend, can. In fact, theres an application process, and as part of that process, most private schools require some kind of test for admission, particularly for the middle and upper grades. Independent day schools usually require the ISEE, or Independent School Entrance Exam, while boarding schools often require the SSAT, or Secondary School Admissions Test. Some schools will accept both, and still, others, have their own tests. For example, Catholic schools require different tests, such as the TACHs or the COOP or HSPT. But these entrance exams dont need to be stressful or be an obstacle to obtaining a private school education. Check out these general strategies to prepare for a private school admission test: Get a Test Prep Book Using a test prep book is a great way to get more familiar with the test itself. It gives you a chance to look over the structure of the test and get a sense of the sections that are required, which usually consist of reading, verbal reasoning (such as identifying the word that is synonymous, or the same as, the given word), and math or logic. Some tests also require a writing sample, and the test prep book will offer some prompts similar to what you might experience when you take it for real. The book will also help you get a sense of the format of the sections and the time allotted for each. While the various admission test organizations typically offer review books and practice tests that can be purchased. You may even be able to find online practice tests and sample questions for free. Take Timed Practice Tests Practice taking the test under simulated conditions, by giving yourself only as much time as the test allows. Be sure to pay attention to how you pace yourself on each section and note if you are taking too much time, or if you are rushing. Instead of getting hung up on one question, mark any question you are unsure about and go back to it when youve finished the other questions. This practice helps you get used to the environment in which the test will be given and prepare you to better manage your time and practice test-taking strategies. If you practice the entire test session, meaning, you simulate the full timed test experience, with breaks, it also helps you adjust to spending that much time sitting and working in one place. This lack of ability to get up and move around can be an adjustment for many students, and some truly need to practice sitting still and being quiet for that long.   Boost Your Weak Areas If you find that you are consistently getting certain types of test questions wrong, go back and correct those areas. For example, you may need to work on one area of math, such as fractions or percentages, or you may need to work on improving and expanding your vocabulary by making flash cards with the most commonly used vocabulary words on these tests, which are available in the test review books. Hire a Tutor if Necessary If you cannot boost your scores on your own, consider hiring a tutor or taking a test-prep course. Be sure that the tutor has experience preparing students for the test you are taking and do all the homework and practice tests that are part of the course to get the most out of it. Chances are, youre missing out on key strategies rather than needing to learn more, so a tutor who is skilled in the test itself is more important than a tutor experienced in English or math.   Read the Directions Carefully This seems obvious but is often an important strategy for test-taking success. Students often read the questions incorrectly or skip them completely, which may mean that even though they know the answers to the questions, they get them wrong. Its important to make sure you slow down and read the directions carefully and even underline KEY words such as EXCEPT or ONLY to make sure you are answering exactly what each question asks. Sometimes, there are hints right within the question itself! Get Ready for Test Day Know what you need for test day, including the proper identification and writing implements. And, dont forget to eat breakfast; you dont want a rumbling tummy distracting you (or people around you) during the test. Have the directions to your test site ready, and arrive early so that you can use the restroom and get settled in your seat. Be sure to also dress in layers, as temperatures in testing rooms can vary; its helpful to be able to add a sweater or coat if youre cold or remove your sweater or coat if the room is warm. Proper footwear can also be helpful, as cold toes when wearing flip flops could be a distraction if the room is cool. Once youre there and settled into your seat, be sure to familiarize yourself with the room. Know where the doors are, find the clock in the room, and get comfortable. When the test begins, be sure to listen carefully to the directions that the test proctor reads, and fill in the test sheet properly, as directed. Do not skip ahead! Wait for directions, as disobeying the instructions that are given could result in disqualifying you from the exam. During each section testing period, pay close attention to the time, and be sure to check that your test guide and answer sheet question numbers correspond. Bring snacks and water so that you can refresh yourself during breaks. Follow these guidelines, and youre sure to have a positive test-taking experience. If you dont you can always take the test more than once. Go online to the test organizations site to see how often you may take the exam, and if there are any restrictions you need to be aware of before you register for a second or third testing date. Good luck! Article edited by  Stacy Jagodowski

DISCUSSION QUESTION RESPONSE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 44

DISCUSSION QUESTION RESPONSE - Essay Example After creation, the presentation can be downloaded inform of text document, PowerPoint or PDF, and uploaded to YouTube. However, Google presentations are insecure and prone to invasions as documents get shared anonymously (Bruna, 2012). Prezi is another example of presentation tool. This is an online presentation tool offering both free and paid plans. With the unpaid plan, one can easily create presentations and share them online, or download them for offline viewing. The paid plan has additional features like making presentations private, and the ability to work offline. This tool allows a person to produce high quality flash documents (Nannette, 2009). The tool has a web-built presentation that offers dynamic transitions and non-linear presenting. It also allows the presenter to insert images and PDF files, or other media. The tool, however, has limited functionality such as line tools fonts and colours. Keynote is Apple’s presentation tool. Keynote allows a person to create presentations with unique themes and transition (Nannette, 2009). It produces polished graphics and high quality animations. Keynote can be integrated to iPhone or iPod to do a wireless presentation. This will control the progress of your presentation and view it on your mobile phone. The main shortcoming is that it takes time to become proficient. In conclusion, no matter how skilled an individual is at presenting an idea, a solid presentation will add so much more to it. Stephanie’s response to the discussion question was appropriate because she discussed presentation tools available in the marketplace and stated their advantages and

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Management - Essay Example The way in which this change was planned and implemented resembled the approaches to organizational change set out by Hughes, Ginnett, and Curphy in their book, Leadership: Enhancing the Lessons of Experience. The first step was the initiation and the planning stage where the change was considered important as well as setting out of various goals and identifying the necessary resources that will help in meeting the set out goals. The second stage was the momentum stage where the resources were directed together with the use of the experienced individuals in the organization who directed the change. The new values were developed together with attitudes and conduct of various stakeholders through internalization. This stage also involved education of the members of staff to integrate the new changes in the system, while other major changes involved the reshuffling of jobs and duties to enable the smooth running of the organization. The final stage in the change process entailed the sta bilizing of the change through the change in the organization’s culture and norms. ... The leaders were able to deal with various complexities that arose in the process of bringing change. These leaders incorporated the help of other stakeholders in formulating policies and clear visions and through this commitment were obtained. Every stakeholder was involved through co-creation, delegation and empowerment and the leaders were able to express their trust in the abilities of their employees and dealt with them with compassion and laid emphasis on the need for continued learning in order to improve the understanding of the new system thus creating efficiency (Hughes, Ginnett & Curphy, 2009). The change process within the institution coincided with Kotter’s eight step process for implementing change within an organization. The institution was able to ascertain a sense of urgency that required the initiation of change. The leaders realized that the introduction of ICT in the organization would improve the efficiency and the overall output thus there was urgency in implementing change thus this prompted the leaders to identify individuals with the right skills in the ICT sector to help in effecting the change needed. The leaders were able to develop the vision together with the strategy that would help the stakeholders in committing themselves towards the achievement of the specified goal. A new channel through which information would be passed to the right people was created and various barriers were eliminated through the empowerment process as well as rewarding people who contributed to the change. This strategy of rewarding people acted as the motivating factor and prompted people to work harder. As the rewarding of people took

Transaction Cost Economics and Evolutionary Theories. Compare and Essay

Transaction Cost Economics and Evolutionary Theories. Compare and Contrast. (See Assignment Criteria) - Essay Example Management accounting is concerned in identification and provision of financial and economic information to managers within the organisation to enable them make proper decisions, maintain control over business operations, monitor budgets and profit performance and direct the organisation to success in the future.1 Management accounting is crucial for planning and the process of problem solving such as determining the most cost effective method of production, it is also important in that it involves the development of budgets that help in the forecasting on future production cost and levels of production and profits. Management accounting involves the preparation of budgets that aid in planning, coordination of the activities of various departments, budgets provide a means of communicating the organisations goals and plans, they act as motivation tools and they act as a tool of control where actual and activities are compared with the budget and any deviations are investigated and corrective actions undertaken. Transaction cost economics studies organisations in a way that different institutional arrangements are considered alternative ways of organising economic activities.3Transaction cost economics explains why certain transactions are associated with a certain form of organisation whereas other transactions are associated with other forms of organisation; specific institutional arrangements are chosen to govern specific transactions because they offer distinct sets of control devices which other forms do not offer, therefore institutional forms differ in their ability to solve problems and the form of control they offer.4 Evolutionary theory also referred to as the old institutional economics as Foss (1994) defined it, this theory tends to investigate the possibility of transforming the already existing structures of organisations, therefore the evolutionary theory observes organisation forms as having emerged from the already existing

Does North Korea's Nuclear Program Pose an Immediate Threat to the U.S Research Paper

Does North Korea's Nuclear Program Pose an Immediate Threat to the U.S - Research Paper Example Thus, it is believed that North Korea’s nuclear program posed a threat to US interests in East Asia, especially to the America people. Its economy was a mess, and its significant source of income was a sale of missiles. Reasons why the North Korea’s nuclear program poses an immediate threat to the U.S United State government pre nuclear test evaluation of the threats emanating from the North Korea nuclear weapons was shaped by various strategies. Fuqua (124) indicate that the Bush administration considered a North Korea nuclear weapons capability as a fact. This suggestion reflected the view of the U.S intelligence community that had been assessed in past years that North Korea possessed one or two nuclear weapons. Meanwhile, U.S intelligence services that concluded in 2003 ascertain that North Korea had mastered the technology to build functional nuclear weapons without having to legalize the technology via nuclear tests. The Bush administration did not recognize the p ossibility of the North Korea nuclear arms as a direct threat to united state. Because the officials had concluded that the Korea lacked the capability to deliver any nuclear bombs it might posses to U.S territory. Fuqua (121) indicates that the Pyongyang did not have a successful, tested long variety ballistic missile at its disposal that would reach the Americas. However, it is believed that, the Korea was still far away from being capable to build a miniaturized nuclear warhead for the missile territory. The North Korea’s massive traditional military was a threat to Japan and South Korea deterred a preventive attack from the United States, and its regional friends regardless of the Korean nuclear weapons. From the strategies, the U.S used, the Korea was capable to pose a threat to its territory because of the threat of proliferation of nuclear weapons and fissile substance used. Lack of the perception of a direct contact to Korea nuclear caused threat to the United State. The transfer, of complete nuclear devices of fissile material to terrorist and other prominent states was a considerable threat to the U.S security emanating from the North’s nuclear weapons programs. According to Schneider (230), administration strategies used by U.S was a failure because it reflected the terrorism attack of 9/11 that was fueled by tangible evidence for Korea missile cooperation with Iran and Syria. Meanwhile, it provided evidence that Pyongyang’s extensive illicit networks had already entertained contacts to smuggling rings for material s and components for WMD. Schneider (256) indicates that the Bush administration managed to deal with the treat of North Korea nuclear transfers through a comprehensive deterrence strategy. However, the U.S declaratory policy addressed to Pyongyang remained underdeveloped before the Korea’s nuclear test because Bush team doubted the possibility to set a clear red line to Pyongyang. Therefore, Bush team is on re cord statement to discourage Korea proliferation activities that resulted low response by the secretary of state Colin Powel in the interview, in 2002. When asked if the U.S administration would let North Korea transfer weapons he said that the problem was a red line that needed to be closed positively. The Powell’s declaratory statement toward the Pyongyang reflected the preoccupation of the Bush administ

Signs of American Life (McDonald's Restaurants) Essay

Signs of American Life (McDonald's Restaurants) - Essay Example A country's culture can be judged by many things, such as its language, films, drama, literature and of course, its cuisine. Although there are many regional variations of its cuisine, the single most visible form of American culture as exemplified by its cuisine is its fast foods. Fast food service restaurants are invented in America and McDonald's is its foremost example that combines the can-do spirit, its stringent individualistic attitudes towards life in general; a hurried pace of life, such that even eating is hurried and harried. In old Europe, eating is done in a leisurely manner as shown in its fine dining establishments but in America, it is different. A general mood is do things quickly in order to achieve material things in life and get ahead. Alexis de Tocqueville hit it on the right spot to have observed this restlessness in Americans; a general tendency to acquire material things that lead to disillusionment, disquiet, unhappiness and an unstated feeling of getting le ft behind by the faster, next fellow. (Tocqueville 1). Long before the term â€Å"keeping up with the Joneses† was coined or invented, Alexis de Tocqueville had already put it succinctly what one single trait to describe the Americans. In his statement, â€Å"it is strange to see with what feverish ardor the Americans pursue their own welfare; and to watch the vague dread that constantly torments them lest they should not have chosen the shortest path which may lead to it† in which an observer gets the impression most Americans are always outdoing each other, not wasting even a single moment by eating fast. Instant coffee, instant meals and instant gratification are exemplified by McDonald's Restaurants in which a customer can order a quick bite and have it within a matter of minutes. McDonald's has been immensely successful because it catered to this American trait of having everything at once, not a minute longer than necessary. People who are always on the go who ne ed a quick bite can hop into any McDonald's outlet and expect to be served very

Does North Korea's Nuclear Program Pose an Immediate Threat to the U.S Research Paper

Does North Korea's Nuclear Program Pose an Immediate Threat to the U.S - Research Paper Example Thus, it is believed that North Korea’s nuclear program posed a threat to US interests in East Asia, especially to the America people. Its economy was a mess, and its significant source of income was a sale of missiles. Reasons why the North Korea’s nuclear program poses an immediate threat to the U.S United State government pre nuclear test evaluation of the threats emanating from the North Korea nuclear weapons was shaped by various strategies. Fuqua (124) indicate that the Bush administration considered a North Korea nuclear weapons capability as a fact. This suggestion reflected the view of the U.S intelligence community that had been assessed in past years that North Korea possessed one or two nuclear weapons. Meanwhile, U.S intelligence services that concluded in 2003 ascertain that North Korea had mastered the technology to build functional nuclear weapons without having to legalize the technology via nuclear tests. The Bush administration did not recognize the p ossibility of the North Korea nuclear arms as a direct threat to united state. Because the officials had concluded that the Korea lacked the capability to deliver any nuclear bombs it might posses to U.S territory. Fuqua (121) indicates that the Pyongyang did not have a successful, tested long variety ballistic missile at its disposal that would reach the Americas. However, it is believed that, the Korea was still far away from being capable to build a miniaturized nuclear warhead for the missile territory. The North Korea’s massive traditional military was a threat to Japan and South Korea deterred a preventive attack from the United States, and its regional friends regardless of the Korean nuclear weapons. From the strategies, the U.S used, the Korea was capable to pose a threat to its territory because of the threat of proliferation of nuclear weapons and fissile substance used. Lack of the perception of a direct contact to Korea nuclear caused threat to the United State. The transfer, of complete nuclear devices of fissile material to terrorist and other prominent states was a considerable threat to the U.S security emanating from the North’s nuclear weapons programs. According to Schneider (230), administration strategies used by U.S was a failure because it reflected the terrorism attack of 9/11 that was fueled by tangible evidence for Korea missile cooperation with Iran and Syria. Meanwhile, it provided evidence that Pyongyang’s extensive illicit networks had already entertained contacts to smuggling rings for material s and components for WMD. Schneider (256) indicates that the Bush administration managed to deal with the treat of North Korea nuclear transfers through a comprehensive deterrence strategy. However, the U.S declaratory policy addressed to Pyongyang remained underdeveloped before the Korea’s nuclear test because Bush team doubted the possibility to set a clear red line to Pyongyang. Therefore, Bush team is on re cord statement to discourage Korea proliferation activities that resulted low response by the secretary of state Colin Powel in the interview, in 2002. When asked if the U.S administration would let North Korea transfer weapons he said that the problem was a red line that needed to be closed positively. The Powell’s declaratory statement toward the Pyongyang reflected the preoccupation of the Bush administ

Gandhi Teachings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gandhi Teachings - Essay Example This law is the basis of many arguments proposed by supporters of this separation and opponents alike. The heated debate arose out of differing interpretation of the law. Some people have argued that religion is an inherent part of the constitution. As a result, eliminating it completely from the state would be a direct contradiction. Therefore modern societies can still integrate Satyagraha without necessarily possessing a world view. For instance, there are large parts of the state's proceedings that still go on after acknowledging the presence of God and these practices indicate Satyagraha. Most legislative meetings proceed after prayer and the state currency refers to the word 'God'. Additionally, states can still practice Satyagraha by letting members of the population practice their religious beliefs in public but they need not make this a rule for all members of the public. By doing this, the State will still be respecting its citizens' religions without necessarily restricting it. It is also possible to practice Satyagraha today by allowing specific members of the population a chance to recite the oath of allegiance despite the fact that it mentions the word God. However, the State may not necessarily have to make this recital a mandatory requirement in schools. The government of today needs to allow its people the right to practi... As long as no single person is required to engage in a particular religion while condemning another, than religious practices should be allowed in public. In fact, some people argue that when modern governments completely eliminate any form of religious symbol or expression in the public, then what they are really saying is that the beliefs held by atheists are more important than those held by other religions. Consequently, the government should allow fair representation of these issues given the fact that all people within the state have the right to practice their religion. (Lovett, 2007) Benefits, limitations and problems of applying Gandhi's Satyagraha in secular society today Gandhi was an outstanding leader during his time because of the fact that he had an ability to apply foundational religious teachings in the political and social context of his time. He had understood the underlying truths behind most religions and believed that they were instrumental to prevailing social and political environments. Gandhi believed that there was no way one could separate the state and the religion because the law was founded upon religion. In relation to this, the Indian leader asserted that religion assisted man to understand his place in the world. Additionally, he believed that religion is the foundation for understanding reality in the world today. Some of the issues that Gandhi submitted can be applied in the secular environment. Christianity can make its contribution to political life by providing a basis for understanding the relationship between man and his environment. Additionally, the same can be said about Hinduism and Islam with regard to the latter mentioned issue. Modern society can apply the same aspects into political life and reap their

How to Live a Greener Lifestyle Essay Example for Free

How to Live a Greener Lifestyle Essay More people have paid attention to sustainable environment. This essay will introduce how to live a greener life which can be applied by each person living on earth. The behavior of greener lifestyle includes food, clothing, living and transports. These 4 parts also regarded as 4 basic need of human. First, food and clothes make a great difference for both saving source and reducing waste. Food can be divided into 2 parts vegetable and meat, once meat is produced, at the same time, animals have spent air, land, and especially much water, which means meat uses more resources than vegetable, so person should limit the frequency of eating meat. As for apparel, modern media always spread what fashion is, however, what does fashion teach the public? Fashion tells people to stay â€Å"fresh†, which encourage consumers to buy more clothes than they need. In order to follow fashion, trendsetter and the consumer could never stop shopping each year and each season. Almost everything in fashion is cyclical, a dress which has been owned would become â€Å"out† in a short time. A greener lifestyle bans buying clothes if you do not need. Second, the choice of where you are living is a factor to greener lifestyle. People who are looking forward to bigger house are not living a green life. Because the bigger living space is, the more resources must be used to adjust the temperature. The habit of using heating equipment or air-condition is common in daily life, living in a small space can both save money and energy. The last part that a greener lifestyle asks for is transport. Citizens should decrease using private car, what a greener life is taking public transport such as subway, bus or train as much as possible, in this way, each private car owner would save his part which spends oil and release toxic gas. After following these step above, people all around the earth would live a greener lifestyle. Eating more vegetables, buying clothes sanely, not pursuing bigger house and taking public transport are easy to perform.

How Malaysia Has Benefit From The International Trade Economics Essay

How Malaysia Has Benefit From The International Trade Economics Essay 2.0 INTRODUCTION Recent years international trade has played a important role to most of the countries . It has connected every country together provided a considerable profits to them . To the international trade , it contains two main parts import and export . Exporting is the selling of products or services supplied from ones own country for use in other countries . By contrast , importing buying of products made in other countries for use in ones country . They are the basic element of the international trade . Among all the countries , Malaysia has benefit a lot from international trade in terms of life , work , house , health and so on . It has improved the economic development totally and made Malaysia much more beautiful . CHANGE IN CONSUMPTION PATTERN Consumption pattern is the combination of qualities , quantities , acts and tendencies characterizing a community or human groups use of resources for survival , comfort and enjoyment . To Malaysia , it just has a very single and closed corporation at the beginning before the international trade . They just sell themselves and grow food on their own . But some of the products are not as good as they think of because of the insufficient technology and the poor quality of materials supplies . Though with the same materials , they still can not produce better goods . However , the international has changed this . It absorbs the investment as well as the varieties of goods such as food including Japanese sushi , Korea cuisine and Chinese dumplings to Malaysia . People begin to try those food and this has changed their habits . Meanwhile some goods which Malaysia is not good at producing are introduced for people to use them . So Malaysia take advantages of their special goods which have good quality to export in order to achieve more profits by using the extra time . It means they just produce what they do well in and focus on producing some special and goo products . For example , Malaysia has a good resources of rubber , so they focus on exporting this . Unlike the rubber , they dont have enough resources to grow the rice. Thus Malaysia just depends on the importing from Thailand ,India and China mainly . This has changed the consumption pattern of Malaysia and made it much easier for people to consume . In all , the total consumption pattern has been changed to the specialization by the international trade , which is really helpful to Malaysia . In the future , the consumption will be much perfect to Malaysia . Olympia College JB International trade 13 IMPROVE PRODUCT QUALITY AND PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY Quality consists of the capacity to satisfy wants , quality is the degree to which a specific product satisfies the wants of a specific consumer. Efficiency is the high speed to produce the goods in limit time . As we know , international trade brings external competition to Malaysia which has affected the local market . Though the tax of importing is very high in result of the price of goods will be higher than the local ones , there are still many people purchasing the foreign goods due to the good quality . For example the shoes Adidas, Nike , Converse and Puma which has attracted many costumers in Malaysia .Though the price of them is very high , The quality has won the costumers . Therefore it reduces the number of local goods which should be sold . Meanwhile , the local market also face the internal competition . In order to sell more and stand in the market , they have to improve the quality of goods . The local market take advantages of the international trade to import technology , good materials and funds to improve the quality . Of course , this method improve the production efficiency as well due to the advanced technology . In the same time and same condition , they can produce more products . This has made them become more confident and increase the economic growth of Malaysia . For example ,the statistics from the United States to a view , Malaysia imported machine tools in about more than 400 million US dollars . Mainly from Japan , Germany , China Taiwan. In order to encourage importing , Malaysia has taken the current zero-tariff policy on imported machines . With these materials , Malaysia has acquired large profits and improved the quality and efficiency . Thus , international trade is really necessary to improve the product quality and production efficiency . Olympia College JB International trade 14 REDUCTION IN UNEMPLOYED RESOURCES Reduction in unemployed resources means the unemployment rate has reduced . There are not too many people who dont have jobs . In terms of employees in Malaysia , international trade has reduced a lot by two main methods . One is the investment and export , anther one is transfer the labors . Generally, investment is the application of money for earning more money. Investment also means savings or savings made through delayed consumption . Due to the international trade , a lot of firms have invested in Malaysia and build industry . It is not only a chance to increase the economic development , but also provides more jobs for employees . For example , a foreign company A want to invest and build a electric industry in Malaysia . Everything is prepared except the employees . As their own countrys employees [$1500] are very experience compared to Malaysia[$1000] , so they make use of the local workers so that they can save the principal and outcome . However , this indirectly help Malaysia to reduce the number of unemployed resources. In addition , As Malaysia need to export goods to obtain exchanges , this also has offered a stable market and reduce the number of employees . Transfer the labors means the labors can go abroad to work and the foreign labors can come Malaysia to work . Malaysia has a good surrounding , which is near to Singapore , Thailand and so on. So every year a lot of people go to Singapore and Thailand to work in order to obtain more money . This has decreased the number of employees in Malaysia . To the work like agricultural and mining jobs , as the local people dont like to work , then the foreign labors will solve this problem. The migrant labor came mainly from southern China and southern India . In all , international trade is really efficient to reduce the unemployed rate , which improve the economic growth as well . Olympia College JB International trade 15 WIDER CONSUMER CHOICE BRING HIGHER STANDARD OF LIVING International trade has brought different countries products and it provides people a wider choice to consume as well . Meanwhile the standard of living has also been improved . As you know , some people are attracted by the foreign products easily as they want to try the special things and the quality is also very good . Thus , the external competition between foreign goods and local goods make the local firms improve their quality and beauty . Meanwhile the foreign firms has to improve themselves as well , it result the quality of goods will be updated every second . In addition , many firms import variety of goods in order to attract the consumers . They make the market more abundant .People can enjoy themselves and have better choices . Due to the abundant market , the standard of living has been improved higher and higher . Therefore peoples life is better and better . A good example which can show you how Malaysia standard of living has been changed . According to Ministry of Finance statistics , as of August 2003 , Malaysia accounted for bank deposits of individual deposit 58% of the total annual of 6% . According to Ma energy telecommunications and multimedia Department of statistics , as if June 2004, fixed phone users 454.7 million , mobile users 1,239.8 million in urban and rural fixed-line telephone has a rate of 23% and 12% mobile phone ownership 53% and 2% . as of April 2006 , Malaysia has 420 million computer users , the number of internet users account for 40% .From this we know that the standard of living in Malaysia is increasing by the international trade fast . In all ,Malaysia has taken a big step in terms of the standard of living after the international trade . The life of Malaysia is better and better . Olympia College JB International trade 16 GREATER MOBILITY OF RESOURCES Mobility means can move . International trade has brought greater mobility of resources such as labors , goods and capital . This makes people exchange their technology and improve themselves. The movement of students and highly skilled workers across borders is a real and complex phenomenon that poses challenges for developing countries with no simple solution. Student mobility represents by the most important source of international trade in higher education . Recent years Malaysia has sent 25-30 thousand students to go abroad . Of course basically all the students are supported by the government .In year 2005, there were 42 712 Malaysian students  went abroad for study. 38 784  of them chose to study in OECD countries while the rest went to non-OECD countries. Back here shows the  breakdown of destinations where  Malaysian students chose to  go [data 1] . After they return , they will bring new technology and knowledge to make contributions to their mother land . This has helped Malaysia in the economy a lot and learn from other countries to improve themselves . Highly skilled workers are one of the supreme arrogance of a person with great power . They are the one most countries want to have . So every year some highly skilled worker will be introduced and someone who has highly skilled in Malaysia take advantages of the skill to achieve exchange. For example , the contractors in Malaysia hands this year was 3.7 billion worth of overseas contracts . This has made a big difference to Malaysia economy . This has taken a big step by the mobility of resources to Malaysia . Olympia College JB International Trade 19 Data 1 Malaysia students go to†¦ / Percentage (%)  [ Number (2005) ] Australia 36.41 ( 15552 ) United Kingdom 26.86 ( 11474 ) United States 15.02 ( 6415 ) Japan 4.48 ( 1915 ) New Zealand 2.79 ( 1190 ) Ireland 2.25 ( 960 ) Germany 1.33 ( 566 ) France 0.81 ( 345 ) Korea 0.50 ( 212 ) Netherlands 0.09 ( 40 ) Sweden 0.09 ( 40 ) Finland 0.03 ( 14 ) Denmark 0.03 ( 11 ) Switzerland 0.02 ( 10 ) Belgium 0.02 ( 9 ) Norway 0.02 ( 9 ) Spain 0.01 ( 6 ) Austria 0.01 ( 5 ) Czech Republic 0.01 ( 4 ) Hungary 0.01 ( 4 ) Turkey 0.00 ( 2 ) Poland 0.00 ( 1 ) Total OECD destinations : 90.80 ( 38784 ) Total Non-OECD destinations:   9.20 ( 3928 ) Source: OECD Education at a Glance 2007 Indicator C3: Who studies abroad and Olympia College JB International trade 17 CONCLUSION Overall , international trade has really benefit Malaysia so much that basically every part of Malaysia has been improved . It made Malaysia consumption pattern more special and fit for Malaysia themselves . To the quality and efficiency , they have been improved a big step and this has provided Malaysia a good method to obtain more profits . Meanwhile their standard of living is becoming higher and higher . In addition , Malaysia has obtained so many mobility of resources , especially the students and highly skilled workers , who have taken advantages of their knowledge and skill to make more countries to their countries . All of them above made Malaysia economy increasing fast and stably .with the international trade , the future of Malaysia will be much beautiful and developed . Olympia College JB Intro to Business 20

Melville :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   HERMAN MELVILLE â€Å"Bartleby, the scrivener†, is a very interesting reading that shows us in a very clear way the different forms of alienation: alienation from work, alienation from other people, and alienation from the natural world. Bartleby was a scrivener; in fact, he was â€Å"the strangest scrivener ever seen†. He found a job in the bottom of one of the several huge buildings in Wall Street; moreover, his desk was placed in a corner, with a window that presented no view at all, and consequently, a few light. He had two partners: Turkey, and Nippers. However, non of them were the ideal partners for him. Turkey had a â€Å"flighty† temper, and Nippers, a â€Å"fiery† one.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At first, Bartleby worked very hard, copying an extraordinary vast quantity of writing. As his boss says, for him, â€Å"there was no pause for digestion†. However, things changed with time. One day, the boss asked Bartleby to review a paper with him, and to his surprised, Bartleby replied: â€Å"I would prefer not to†. The boss ignored such behavior the first time because he needed him, and he worked well. However, such sentence, â€Å"I would prefer not to† became more normal, and even familiar. Bartleby carefully revolved any statement that his boss made. As a consequence, after that moment, Bartleby refused many other things: from not going to the post office, to not going next door, and even to not going back home. At the end, Bartleby preferred not to work, and consequently, he was fired. However, when the boss asked him to leave, he got the same answer: â€Å"I prefer not to†. As a result, Bartleby stayed there until the boss and all their partners moved to another place. However, when the new owners of the building came in, and as a consequence of the same answer, Bartleby went to prison. The text ends with Bartleby in prison refusing to eat, and therefore, preferring to die from starvation. The place where he worked in the bottom of â€Å"Wall† Street, his partners, and his unchallenging job alienated him as time passes to the extend that he didn’t want to do anything at all.

War from Myceneans to Rome Essay -- essays research papers

WAR FROM MYCENEANS TO ROME The modern day soldier did not arrive at the current level of training methods overnight. Throughout history warfare techniques and strategies have evolved from the earliest primitive battles to the latest technologies. The only way to learn about war is to study the past engagements and lessons learned. There are nine principles of war as follows: Objective, Offensive, Mass, Economy of force, Maneuver, Unity of command, Security, Surprise, and Simplicity. These are the areas of study in order to gain a better understanding of what to do and what to avoid during any engagement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The battles from yesterday differ from those in recent years and today, because the more primitive cultures fought under their leader for food, territory, or the domination of another group. Today’s motives are based more on economic, political, or social reasons regarded as appropriate by a group of individuals instead of the thoughts or intentions of one man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mainland Greece is the first study of warfare in the selected readings and by 1600 B.C. a civilization emerged from the Hellas culture and the Minoan culture. This group, known as the Myceneans, fought using chariots and armor made of bronze. By the eighth century B.C., the Myceneans art of war consisted of the phalanx. The phalanx was a solid rectangle of infantrymen carrying armor and spears eight deep. When an army approached another army the phalanxes of both sides would come head to head. The soldiers, who were normally citizens not professional soldiers, would find themselves in the midst of blood and sweat pouring out of the bodies surrounding them from the hand to hand combat. The only way of victory was to hold the lines strong and fight until the other side fled. The problems with this type of formation was that there was no overall leadership within the phalanx, no reserve was established to outflank the opposing army, and there was no way to pursue the fleeing enemy, left them capable to heal and fight another day.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The technique of phalanx had not changed for some time and the Greek warfare stayed the same due to no major opposition force that used different techniques against Greek system. The phalanx was also used because it was a proven technique that had been tested and used successfully. O... ...diterranean, Hannibal moved to engage the Romans and almost conquered them at Cannae (216 B.C.), where the largest Roman army was surrounded, enveloped, and destroyed. The Romans needed military leadership to outwit Hannibal and found it in Scipio.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scipio made the maniples stronger than ever and increased the amount of horsemen in the cavalry to solve the problem that the Romans had against Hannibal. By using adapting techniques to envelop and control sea power, Scipio was able to defeat Carthage at the battle of Zama (202 B.C.), and thus the Romans were ready to expand their empire from Spain to Asia Minor and from Britain to Northern Africa.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   SOURCES USED Preston, Richard A., Alex Roland, and Sydney F. Wise. Men In Arms: A History of Warfare and its interrelationships With Western Society. (Belmont, California:Wadsworth/ Thomson Learning, 2001). Chap 1-3 Warry, John. Warfare in the Classical World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Weapons, Warriors, and Warfare in the Ancient Civilisations of Greece and Rome. (Norman, Oklahoma:University of Oklahoma Press, 1995). Chap 1-13